Fire safety is a top priority for any building owner or facility manager. One of the most effective ways to protect your commercial property from fire hazards is by installing a fire sprinkler system. But with so many options available, how do you know which type is right for your building? This blog post will guide you through the various types of fire sprinkler systems, their benefits, and how to choose the best one for your needs.

What Are Fire Sprinklers? Who Regulates the Requirements for Fire Sprinkler Systems?

Fire sprinklers are an essential component of any commercial building’s fire protection system. They are designed to detect and control fires automatically, reducing damage and saving lives. These systems work by activating when they sense heat, releasing water to extinguish or control the fire. The type of sprinkler system you choose can significantly impact the effectiveness and reliability of your fire safety measures.

As reported by Fire and Safety Journal America, the fire sprinklers market in the United States is experiencing notable growth, projected to reach $10 billion by 2032 from $5.1 billion in 2023.

The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) regulates the requirements for fire sprinkler systems through the NFPA 13 standard. This widely used standard provides a consistent framework for installing sprinkler systems, ensuring builders, owners, and managers meet or exceed fire protection requirements. Compliance with NFPA 13 is crucial for maintaining safety and avoiding legal liabilities.

The (NFPA) reports that buildings with sprinklers reduce the fire death rate by 87% compared to those without.

Which Commercial Buildings Should Have a Sprinkler System?

The sprinkler system requirement for a building will vary based on its occupancy type. To determine the specific requirements, we must first identify the state building code applicable to that particular Building.

An example is provided below for reference.

303.3 Assembly Group A-2. P (2021 New Jersey Building Code)

Group A-2 occupancy includes assembly uses intended for food and/or drink consumption including, but not limited to:

• Banquet halls
• Casinos (gaming areas)
• Nightclubs
• Restaurants, cafeterias, and similar dining facilities (including associated commercial kitchens)
• Taverns and bars

Sprinkler requirements must be reviewed according to the building occupancy as specified by the following code.

[F] 903.2.1.2 Group A-2. P

An automatic sprinkler system shall be provided throughout stories containing Group A-2 occupancies and throughout all stories from the Group A-2 occupancy to and including the levels of exit discharge serving that occupancy where one of the following conditions exists:

1. The fire area exceeds 5,000 square feet (464 m2).
2. The fire area has an occupant load of 100 or more.
3. The fire area is located on a floor other than a level of exit discharge serving such occupancies.

Types of Fire Sprinkler Systems in Commercial Buildings

Wet Pipe System

Wet pipe systems are the most common, cost-effective, and reliable type of fire sprinkler system. These systems are filled with pressurized water, ready to activate immediately in case of a fire. They are typically used in environments where the temperature does not drop below freezing, such as office buildings and retail spaces. Wet pipe systems are simple to use and require minimal maintenance, making them a popular choice for many commercial properties.

Dry Pipe System

In a dry pipe system, water is present only up to the dry valve location, while the piping from the dry valve to the sprinkler outlet is filled with pressurized air or nitrogen. These systems are ideal for spaces subjected to freezing temperatures and unheated areas like open garages and parking lots. However, they have higher installation and maintenance costs and a slight delay between sprinkler operation and water flow, which limits their size. Despite these limitations, dry pipe systems are invaluable in preventing frozen pipes and ensuring reliable fire protection.

Deluge System

The deluge system uses unpressurized air and open-type sprinkler heads for water discharge. This system is particularly suited for high-hazard areas such as airport hangars, data storage facilities, and chemical plants. Deluge systems can cover more area and minimize damage to nearby structures, making them reliable in cold weather. However, they are typically more expensive than other sprinkler types. Deluge systems are activated in two main ways:

1. Electrically operated valves using fire alarm devices.
2. Pneumatically operated valves using closed sprinkler heads as pilots.

Once activated, they release a high volume of water to stop the fire from spreading, providing extensive coverage and protection.

Pre-action System

Pre-action systems are air-filled like dry systems up to the pre-action valve, with closed sprinkler heads. These systems are used to protect areas where water discharge could damage costly equipment or historical artifacts, such as art galleries and museums. Pre-action systems are more complex and have three types of activation:

1. Non-interlock systems activate with the operation of automatic sprinklers.
2. Single interlock systems activate with detection devices.
3. Double interlock systems activate with both detection devices and automatic sprinklers.

Pre-action systems are common in data centers, libraries, and other sensitive areas, minimizing the risk of accidental water discharge.

Conclusion

Fire accidents can occur in both commercial and residential properties, making the installation of fire sprinklers essential for handling such emergencies. A correctly designed fire sprinkler system in commercial buildings boosts safety, ensures compliance with regulations, minimizes damage and operational disruptions, and reduces costs by preventing false alarms and expensive repairs while providing dependable emergency response.

We at NY Engineers have worked on more than 4000 MEP engineering projects that include designing sprinkler systems as per the building type, requirements, and other important factors. Consult NY Engineers for expert sprinkler design tailored to your building's requirements.